Chinese Cultural Studies

40, "An Introduction to Chinese culture," the nature of the courses, the purpose of tasks and basic content 1. An Introduction to Chinese culture, the nature of the courses An Introduction to Chinese culture, although a certain length to sort out the Development of Chinese culture, but its purpose is to enable learners of Chinese culture to the development of an overall understanding of traditional culture so as to establish the history of ideas, but from the entire structure, It is different from the last evolution of Chinese culture as the main content of Chinese cultural history. Although it should involve all part of a culture of universal law, but it is different from merely to study the existence and development of all mankind culture for the purpose of the universal law of human culture. It based on a Marxist point of view of culture, traditional Chinese culture on the main issues and explain. Chinese culture in the area, it is not only to pay attention to all the top cultural research results, but also draw on folk culture bottom of the many results. It is a balanced history of the Chinese national culture on the basis of knowledge and basic theory courses, is the study of traditional Chinese culture-oriented courses. 2. An Introduction to Chinese culture courses opened the purpose and tasks The purpose of this course set up and tasks are: (1) to enable learners establish a correct outlook on culture, an increase of loving the motherland and the succession of outstanding cultural heritage, promote cultural development of the awareness (2) to enable learners to correctly understand the characteristics of traditional Chinese culture And grasp the national conditions of China, enhance the sense of patriotism, (3) to enable learners of Chinese culture specific knowledge of the subject of a preliminary understanding, so as to the use of such knowledge to observe the community, social awareness, (4) to enable learners in raising awareness On the basis of strengthening their own culture, for the building of socialist culture in China and make positive efforts. 3. An Introduction to Chinese culture, the basic content of courses According to the Chinese Cultural Studies the nature of the courses, and its basic content is mainly about Chinese culture, the basic theories and viewpoints, historical heritage and its classification of relevant knowledge. At the following six areas, these areas are organically linked to constitute a complete theoretical system: (1) the general concept of the culture. An Introduction to Chinese culture in the cultural issue, and the extension of the concept of a cultural agreement, but on specific issues discussed at attention as far as possible from the perspective of the humanistic spirit. (2) Chinese culture on which the physical environment. It should be noted that the geographical environment is also a historical concept. For example, for thousands of years, the mountains and rivers in China all the time change. Also, China's territory have repeatedly changed…… this course set out in the geographical environment is the impact of Chinese culture has a relatively stable development of the geographic profile, a certain historical period is not specific geographical description. (1) China's cultural development and to determine the history of the historical development of various factors. When this cultural development has its own stages, but the general history of China's cultural development and the basic consistency, on this course of historical development context is still dynasties in phases. (2) the division of knowledge of Chinese culture. On the culture of division, two points (material, cultural and spiritual and cultural), the Rule of Thirds (material, system, the spirit), Sifen Fa (material, system, customs, ideas or material values, systems, spiritual, language) And more Classification (for example, physical, social, spiritual, art, language, customs and six-law, etc.). This course used Sifen Fa: the production and living culture, cultural systems, ideas and concepts with the spirit of culture, language and cultural. From the previous three categories to classify the field of culture, language is the carrier of culture, itself is a cultural thing as the so-sub-category. In this framework, on various aspects of the cultural meaning, behavior and thinking patterns, the main thing, as reflected in ideas and concepts, and which summed up the characteristics and traditions. (3) in the Chinese culture in the world's cultural status. Based on the world, in comparison with the observation of their own cultural characteristics of Chinese culture and foreign cultural exchanges and learn from each other and Chinese culture to the world's cultural contribution. (4) China's traditional culture and modern society. Expounded in carrying forward the traditional culture on the basis of building socialism with Chinese characteristics the need for modern culture. -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ The first chapter of the geographical background of Chinese culture Geographical environment and culture of human existence is to create the prerequisites. Living in a certain geographical area of the crowd, we must rely on natural for him to carry out his civilization construction to start his cultural history. Therefore, the understanding of the overall features of a cultural, geographical environment from the observation is essential. It should be noted that, to understand the geographic and cultural observation, must be historical, geographical and cultural interaction. The more early human culture to create more constrained by its geographical conditions of the later, human imposed on the impact of the natural environment is also deep. At the same time, the impact of geography on the humanities, nor is it a simple man and the relationship between the natural substances, which are complex intermediary content. The first quarter of China's cultural survival and development of the geographical conditions Now see the People's Republic of China maps, ancestors of the Chinese nation is the number of years of political, economic, military, cultural and other historical practice initiated by the results. Learning from the perspective of Chinese culture, not only as a cultural practice to learn the results of the geographic status quo, should also be aware that open up the process, and specific geographic and cultural factors in the history of the development by the specific role. First, a brief overview of China's geography 1. China's terrain and topography of the history of the distribution of the population China is the world's largest continent in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent, the east the vast Pacific Ocean. In China, the low-lying West High East, the terrain was strong distribution ladder. The terrain is the highest Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as "roof of the world." Historically, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region lived soil fan and Qiangren. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau internal micro-topography of a difference, the region around the Qinghai-lying areas to the southeast tilt, is the birthplace of the major rivers. Qiang people live in this region more, part of living in the upper reaches of the Yellow River River, Huang Qiang people of the valley, in the Western Han Dynasty, said Xiqiang, often in conflict with the Central Plains region. Fan national soil mainly living in this region of Tibet, when the Northern and Southern Dynasties in the historical records of the Tang Dynasty to become very powerful. Often with the war in the Tang dynasty, but more peaceful exchanges. Due to close here from India, Buddhism is flourishing. From the Qinghai-Tibet to the north east, is the second step. Here the distribution of the plateau and basin. South of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, high mountains, complex terrain, is the ancient so-called "Xinan Yi" mixed areas. It is the northern part of Sichuan Basin. Basin is around the mountain forest, residents complicated, generally south of Xinan Yi, north of the Daba Mountains region of Cubans, Di, Qiangren distribution of the region; basin is a fertile Chengdu Plain Central, is a long history of the development of civilization , In the Qin and Han Han people living in the past had a lot in this region. Further north across the Loess Plateau is the Qinling Mountains area, here is the Yellow River and Jing, Wei-flow areas, Woyeqianli, the Central Plains culture is one of the important birthplaces. The history of many dynasties are here Capital, bringing up a brilliant ancient culture. This region, is the four Cypriots, the Yellow River in the West, North, East San Mianhuan around to the south is the Qinling Mountains, northwest have Liupan Mountain, Helan Mountains, north of Yinshan Mountains, the East has Luliang Mountain and Tongguan of solid, It can truly be said table mountains and rivers! Bashu Hanzhong and the south, east Yiluo region, the economic prosperity of the rear, convenient transportation, retreat into the attack could be Shou, Zhongyuan dynasty in this long-term Capital, is here to have unique geographical conditions. North of the Loess Plateau, is the Mongolian Plateau, which is a grassland, desert, the Gobi staggered zone. National also has been entered northern grasslands of the Central Plains area要冲. In particular, this Yinshan Mountain area south of the Loop, has always been the crowd and the Central Plains grasslands crowd battleground. Yellow River in east-west flows through this region of Inner Mongolia, turned Zheng-nan, across the Loess Plateau. This is the east side of the Yellow River in Shanxi plateau. Shanxi Province is the altitude of things on both sides of the Taihang Mountains and Lvliang Shan, a wide-Qiazhe middle of the valley, the Fenhe River valley. A valley northeast to southwest direction, the South and the Weihe Plain phase grounding. Is an important birthplace of Chinese culture. It is said that Yao and Shun had in the valley during the southwest of the capital region. Shanxi Mongolian Plateau and the northern part of the plateau phase grounding, the region is Neiqian the peoples of the north into the Central Plains region to the road in the Taihang Mountains some Duanlie Chu, but also through North China. So there has always been Shanxi Habitat "the world situation," said. Taihang Mountains in North East and West is off to the Yanshan mountain range, across the Mongolian Plateau to the north east section of mountainous areas, is the vast plains of the Northeast. Northeast China Plain is the west side of the Greater Xing'an Mountains, east of Changbai Mountain is the clock. Northeast China Plain fertile land, home to many hunting and farming-dependent nation. Several in the history of China played an important role in the crowd, such as the Xianbei Khitan, Jin Renqing, Manchu, have originated in this area. Northeast China Plain through the narrow Liaoxizoulang of the border with the North China Plain. North China Plain Yellow River and Haihe River water system is, there are eastern Thailand Yishan, is another cradle of Chinese culture. Since ancient times in this region have developed agriculture, is a gathering of Han Nationality, in a very long period of time, the population is also one of the most densely populated areas. North China Plain directly connected with the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The plains and hills-and, by the Jianghan Plain, Poyang Lake Plain, a Yangtze River delta plain. Humid climate in this region, many lakes, a long-term development, an ancient important agricultural areas, since the Tang and Song Dynasties, or China's economic center. This so-called Miaoman with the original, such as the Shan people, with the development of Jiangnan, or Nanqian or integration of the Han nationality. Until the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River south of the sea, is hilly and low-widespread zone, there was a small valley plains. Minjiang River and the Pearl River water system is accountable to the two water systems. This zone is for the Baiyue, the Qin and Han nationalities live, but there are Xi, Vulgar, Liao and other communities, with the nation's integration, are also largely disappeared. There is also the island of Taiwan, Hainan Island and the long coastal areas and territorial seas territory. 2.'s Integrated features of China's geography As part of the Eurasian continent, China and the geographical area almost as large as the whole of Europe. Although the terrain is complex and changeable, but yet the whole continent. First, the large number of rivers like blood vessels, the mainland's vast areas connected together, the Yellow River, Yangtze River runs through China's three major succeed, communication with the Chinese mainland things. The Hanjiang River, the Huaihe River Geng Shiba linked to the two rivers. Xiangjiang River and the Yangtze River, a tributary of Ganjiang River and the Pearl River water system originated with the Lijiang River and Beijiang River in Nanling Mountains, when the Qin Dynasty built Lingqu, is the communication of the Lijiang River and Xiangjiang River. Contact the Xijiang River, Lingnan and the Yunnan-Guizhou. This was followed by the Geographic Channel. Although the terrain varied, numerous mountain, but no matter how difficult the terrain, the nature of people to leave the convenience of traffic. In fact almost no place is there have been no exchange of populations. This is from ancient times to the beginning. Xinjiang is the farthest from the mainland areas, but according to some scholars, where the Hetian jade in the Jiangsu-Zhejiang region in the archaeological and cultural sites found. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to explore the cultural relics, and the Yellow River in Gansu archaeological and cultural relations between the impact. Zhongyuan majority of the exchanges between the various regions more closely. There are ancient stone Geographic experts from the new distribution of cultural sites, concluded that: roughly along the Weishui, the Yellow River, Jeju water line, from the distant ancient times, on the formation of a contact line of things. And things of this intersection, there are three north-south direction of the line, one in the east of the Taihang Mountains not far from the North since the Quyang in Hebei, Henan Xinxiang the south, have Yangshao and Longshan period of two cultural sites there. Another one in the Taihang Mountains west of the Fenshui River. More of a West, then this in Shaanxi Province, south from Xian, north Chuanshanyueling, north of Yulin, Fugu area. (Bai Shouyi editor of the "General History of China" Volume III, "ancient times" Chapter III "road traffic will", the Shanghai People's Publishing House in 1994 version of 697-699 pages) southwest from the Central Plains and the Northeast are also likely to have traffic Convenient conditions. These are the formation of the internal unity of the Chinese mainland. No exchanges will be no cultural development, exchange and sharing of the greater difference between the cultural development of more favorable. 3. For thousands of years of climate change and the situation of famine disaster China's temperate climate in most parts of the majority of the eastern region and monsoon climate in the region, four distinct seasons, the seasonal rainfall was obvious; disasters are also quite a number of climate, drought special weight, followed by the floods, and related locust plague Plant diseases and insect pests, and so on. Chinese Culture on Fat Tseung precisely such a climate in the region. 5,000 years to a temperate climate is changing. 1972 "Archaeology" on the first phase of the well-known scholars Zhu Kezhen, "China nearly 5,000 years of climate change to the preliminary study" a text that 5,000 years to the general trend of China's climate is warm to cold, is the concrete expression of warmth A shorter period than one, a degree of warmth than a low. Zhu Kezhen 5,000 years of climate change will be divided into four large period of time. The first major period from about 3000 BC to 1100 BC, a warm period. During this period of time limit is precisely the late Shang Dynasty. At that time, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River region Ye Xiang, and other subtropical plants and animals. From 1100 BC to 1400 AD, for the warm winter staggered period. This is a period of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Yuan dynasty of the medium-term. For the warmth of early Western Zhou period, after entering the cold period, history books have Pneuma died, Jianghan ice records. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period and entered the second period of warmth. Documented at the time the North can harvest two quarters of 2001, Sichuan, Han, Jiangling and other places are orange trees, and other subtropical plants, which later moved south of the plant. Eastern Han Dynasty, the three countries until the Northern and Southern Dynasties, is the second cold period. Cao Wei during the Huaihe River has frozen, the Northern Dynasties, Jia Sixie "of Qimin to" record the Yellow River, north of Peach opened the time, than the present 10 days to two weeks later. From the Sui and Tang dynasties to the early Northern Song Dynasty, the third warm period. Tang Emperor Xuanzong and the Wu-Tsung, the Royal Palace and the southern suburbs are a species of citrus. Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty medium-term medium-term, is the third cold period. Has been called the "land of litchi" reputation of Fuzhou, has in the Northern Song Dynasty yuan at 2003 (1110) and the Southern Song Dynasty Chunxi five years (1178) suffered two severe cold, lychee trees all died. Southern Song Dynasty to the mid-yuan mid-1980s, China's warm climate into the fourth period. At that time, there's no snow, Hangzhou, capital of the Year, the Beijing-designate of the Beijing today with almost. From the year 1400 to 1900 is the third major climate period, the period for the cold period. Zhu Kezhen said this period of "Local Records period," because the Ming and Qing dynasties of China's most places have a local records, on regional climate change to a more detailed records, especially the perception of the various caused by abnormal climate Disaster helpful. Zhu Kezhen also the 500 years of the period divided into several smaller sessions, "the first cold period", "second cold period" and "cold third period." Cold for the first time in 50, 2006 from the Chenghua (1470) to the Ching Tak 15 years (1520). Huaihe River basin in 1493 which the unprecedented heavy snowfall, snow up to six months old. 1513 Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, Taihu Lake Ice at the same time, Dongting Lake of the ice can be left lane. The second cold period from the first year of Ming Tai-chang (1620) to the Qing Emperor Kangxi 19 years (1720), as long as 100 years. One of the 17th century after 50 years, this cold period for the coldest period. This 50 operators in this millennium, the Citrus Park in Jiangxi Province was cold wave destroyed, Shanxi Province, Wutai Mountain in the summer snow, the frozen canals of one year amounted to as much as 109 days. Third-Daoguang cold period from 16 years (1840) to 16 years Guangxu (1890), a total of 50. During this period, the Jiangnan region there had been Xiali June snowfall of the abnormal weather. Xi'an one with a "heavy snow 6 Shi Yuri" the record. The fourth major climate period from 1900, Zhu Kezhen called the "Instrument observation period", because it after a measurement of temperature and weather observation equipment. Because beyond the scope of this book, this period of climate change do not introduced. Famine and disease climate is directly related to the situation. Famine refer mainly to drought, floods, locusts, wind, hail, often plague after the flood, drought boost after a locust plague often, Famine and disease are interlinked. China is a multi Famine of the country, according to Mr Andrew "save the shortage of Chinese history" to statistics, from start to the Western Han Dynasty in 1936 a total of 2142 of time, up to 5150, the total number of disasters, with an average of four months will be strong once. The affected area more common, but some of the important economic significance of the provinces by 23 per Famine on the rise in the first, and then dropped slightly, and soon rose, the general trend is more and more of the frequency, intensity increasing. And the same trend, the plague epidemic, but also to the more serious later. Therefore, Beihuang and save the shortage of ancient China are a major event in economic life, of which there are many successful experiences and the lessons of failure. Second, the geographical conditions of the Chinese culture a lot of impact 1. Majority of the Chinese civilization decided to geographical and cultural direction of the road China's overall, the impact of Chinese culture to the world unity, the vast continent and the crowd definitely is a forest of the world; era and the beginning of Chinese civilization, the home of the establishment of the community, are taking this one to the basic conditions for a Premise. This is in a condition, different from any other ancient civilizations, Chinese culture is the road we thought the important starting point. Several of the world's ancient civilizations, the Nile in ancient Egypt, Babylon have taken place in the Tigris and David at the end of Rafah at the end of the two rivers. They all look the same characteristics of a river by the irrigation and around the vast region was detrimental to the survival of humankind the vast desert. Ancient Greek culture produced in the peninsula and the Mediterranean island, the geographical units have a lot of independence. Although the Chinese culture is also the birthplace of the Yellow River Basin, but the culture is different from Western Asia, it is not dependent on the Yellow River itself, but its many tributaries of the river bend formed by branching sub. (See Qian Mu, "An Introduction to Chinese culture") that will be the occurrence of ancient Chinese culture, but also as a product of large rivers for irrigation under the conditions of the view, not in line with China's reality. Geography also determines the characteristics of ancient Chinese can not walk the ancient Greek civilization of the road. Mediterranean Peninsula, the narrow island relatively independent regions, each with a decision on the demographic composition of the geographical relatively simple, but there is not suitable for agriculture, it also decided that the external economic dependence, maritime trade and rampant looting, which a business Forms of democratic and civilized city can be formed. Chinese ancestors in the creation of its ancient civilization, the first facing a large geographical demographic composition of the multi-ethnic characteristics. Xia Yu said at a conference in the bailiffs Yubo诸侯have as many as 10,000, when the Shang Tang诸侯have 3,000 to Wuwangfazhou weeks, "Historical Records" to plant 800诸侯Buqi and will. Experts have pointed out that these so-called "诸侯", the actual size of the tribal sheikhs are. How many of these sources of different cultures vary as the crowd Tuan and culture as a whole » In ancient Western Asia, people often see a group of the world for the survival of the desert, carried out by an ethnic group against another ethnic group's brutal conquest. In China, however, there is war to conquer, but in the end depend on the success of the ancient civilization is not the war, but with the joint mixed. (See the book chapter I, section I) West Asia civilization is basically the demise of the Chinese civilization has been successful, he is different from the road of civilization of ancient Egypt, Babylon, is different from ancient Greece, the unique geographical conditions, it restricts A unique form of civilization and cultural orientation. 2. Geographical formation of the broad masses of the "unified" concept Division and reunification is China's history of the two phenomena, unity is always the dominant tendency of the pursuit. This comes from the pursuit of the broad masses of the people on the geographical migration between the crowd and a long time since the exchanges. Oracle out of the "quartet" of clear records, to the Western Zhou Dynasty, "the world" concept has been very clear. Largely from the Shang Dynasty, the dynasty had按着distance from the distance, the crowd on the world to take a different political strategy, and those Jiqian Li Zhou Dynasty from the crowd that as long as they recognize the legitimate Zhou Wang on it. Li Chao and successive emperors, all the four to remote ethnic nation "to North Korea" for the glory. "The world" concept is an important role in the pursuit of reunification. Although the history of China's separatist minority, is not short time, but the pursuit of reunification has always been the keynote in the political concept, but also the basic historical tendency. Tianxiayijia great sense of unity, is the lasting power of the Chinese concept of the Chinese nation continue to grow and develop, have an important role. 3. Geopolitical characteristics of Chinese culture and the historical fate of Here the geographical concept, different from the modern concept of the territory, it would like to say is formed when the Central Plains Cultural Centre, with a broader scope of the northern grasslands of the relationship between nomadic culture. From the geographical point of observation of the development of Chinese culture and history, should pay special attention to the crowd and the northern grasslands Biandi geopolitical relations, where the fate of the hidden history of China an important secret. In the northwest, the Pamirs in a long time, the separation of East and West two major cultural world. However, more recent in the North, Central Plains civilization must face a long-term grasslands, mountains and the Gobi desert in a vast area, and the nomadic civilization as the basic characteristics of the region. This vast area, can be extended to the north of this Russian Siberia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe with the West Plains, east China's northeast and today Russia's Far East region, there are clouds of the cold humid forest zone. That is a huge Shanmian-shaped Strip, home to many ancient people. The vast Mongolian Plateau, is that these national and the Central Plains in the "front stage." In this stage before, until the rise of Mongolian people, it is not a nation of fixed owner. From literature can be seen, the crowd is the first Xian Yun, followed by Beidi, the Qin and Han after the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic Khitan, party items, as well as the Mongolian, Manchu. In addition to these ethnic Manchu, the former are a basic national movement, grassland a "vacuum" state, from the original place of residence massive leap forward, as the new masters of the plateau. In the Central Plains political prosperity, they Qunxun around in it, learning a system of the Central Plains culture, some people were also strong in the central plains dynasty rout, or resettlement or Neiqian far when the Central Plains into chaos Zhaozheng weak, they attack a large scale, Then entered the Central Plains, Central Plains inherent in the relocation of residents in the south. And they have become the recipients of the Central Plains culture and create a new, in a short lag, the Central Plains of civilization along the inherent cultural orientation warming and prosperity. Yierbainian or longer at the time, the above situation repeat. Such repeated, many times. It has been discussed, China's feudal society why so long, and the Middle Ages in Europe will have much shorter. When herein are many reasons, but one thing is quite clear that the ancient civilizations of Europe, experienced in the Germanic Manzu massive attack and destruction, there is no similar situations arise, while in China, the duplication, but Is repeated. This is the historical fate of the Central Plains civilization. This fate of the formation has a profound meaning. Several ancient civilizations the world, the earth is only a few points there, and once after the formation of the civilized world, there have been human internal advanced and the backward, civilization and barbarism differences and contradictions, and human is precisely this difference in the The confrontation, conflict, integration, to develop at the same pace. Ancient Greece, Rome, a culture driven synchronization of European civilization, the Central Plains culture, driven more vast geographical East Asia's synchronized development of civilization. Third, a wide geographical arena and the long-standing Chinese culture Broad geographical, historical development of China has provided funding to the Roundabout stage. The world of ancient civilizations, ancient Egypt and Babylon civilization is being destroyed. There are many reasons for the meantime, it should be related to its geographical conditions. In the two rivers and around the Nile Basin, is the large tracts of desert, where human beings can survive is too scarce, so the crowd was between the residence for the survival of the struggle is too cruel. In China, although Chinese culture originated in the Yellow River Basin, but it is the general area it is prepared for a potential stage of history. Whenever encountered North Biandi nation into the massive South, Central Plains culture has a population of the southern part of the country as their rear. So whenever the North to enter in a national integration, the South is entering the height of development. In reality the Northern and Southern Dynasties period, the Chinese cultural center of gravity has moved to the south, then is the economic center of the move. Therefore, in China's history, there are often such a North-South confrontation: the economic upsurge in the south and north of intense national integration while simultaneously, a north-south different historical landscape. Yellow River and Yangtze River basin, as the culture of this confrontation between the two major upsurge in the stage of history. Cultural Centre and economic center from the northwest to the southeast gradually Mobile, China over the previous year is the general trend of historical development. The broad swing stage, has a long history of Chinese civilization is the premise of one of the conditions. However, Yuan, Ming and Qing, the North-South confrontation with the new changes, a unified country in the north in the political, economic center in the southern situation. In the north on the relatively backward economy, mainly for a single performance of the agricultural economy prevail, and the South, North Korea already had such a stage of comprehensive trade thriving farming into the situation. Northern Dynasty in the political center, making it the spirit of fruit-small farmers are old, so it never did not know how the national strategy on the protection of the South's economic development momentum, North-South confrontation, into a political and economic confrontations and conflicts China's cultural development of the real slow start. Section II Section II regional geographic environment and diverse culture of distribution A large geographical and cultural formation of the geographical factors 1. Numerous geographical conditions relatively independent regional In a vast majority of the region, because of geographical differences in the environment and pose a different crowd, the existence of regional distribution of the culture was inevitable. In modern geography of the Chinese point of view observation of the natural geographical features can be overwhelming majority of the Chinese territory, divided into the eastern part of the monsoon, drought in the Northwest and the Qinghai-Tibet alpine areas; these three areas can be broken down to some natural areas. And three great natural areas of the division, not only suitable for the modern, but also appropriate to the ancient. In fact, the vast number of different geographical regions of natural, in ancient times there has been considerable in-depth understanding. Save the "Book" from "Yugong" chapter, on behalf of the ancient people's awareness. "Yugong," a book of the controversial academic, but not later than the pre-Qin period. The document was marked north of the mountains and rivers, the world will be divided into view, Yanzhou, Green, and Xu, Yang Jing, Yu Leung, Yong Kyushu. Gudz water, between the Yellow River in Yanzhou, the Bohai Sea, between Taishan to Qingzhou, the Yellow Sea, Mount Tai, Xuzhou between the Huaihe River, the Huaihe River south of the sea to the west of Yangzhou, Jingshan (in this Hubei Nan Zhangxian) south of Mountain ( In Hunan) north of Jingzhou, Jingshan north of the Yellow River to the south of Yuzhou, Huashan south, east of the Nu River in Hanzhong, the Sichuan Basin for the Liangzhou, River (Shaanxi, Shanxi between the Yellow River) to Yongzhou, River east of the East River ( The Yellow River flows through the Hebei Plain) to the west of Jizhou. Furthermore, "Yugong" also documented the state of the soil Fei Ji, natural resources and vegetation, at the time to show the scope of the local natural conditions of China's geographical awareness is basically accurate. However, because of age restrictions, China's other geographically self-contained region have not involved. They are Zhejiang and Fujian provinces along the hilly region, the Pearl River water system Guanzhu during the Lingnan region, the mountainous southwest Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and more water, and the Hexi Corridor in Xinjiang and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. These "Yugong" has not yet Road and the area in ancient Chinese culture gradually into the scope of Chinese culture into the geographical and cultural region. Of these, just about, if careful distinction, not a large region also can be divided into more smaller geographical environment. In such an ever-changing geographical conditions of the broad masses of space, geographical distribution of cultural diversity is inevitable. 2. Constitute a regional culture of several factors As the saying goes, one person raising one side of water and soil. Geographical and cultural formation of the first condition is that the natural environment. It is determined by a regional people's quality of life and psychological state. People have to provide the material and discuss the natural livelihood, this is the natural environment and cultural pattern decided to geographical groups of the first level, the more the early human life, the contents of this level the role of the greater. Cite archaeological discoveries of ancient cultural sites examples of humanity that the original construction of the Yellow River Basin, is more than a half-Dexue, and in the popular Gangnam Gangnam area of dry-field structure of the Juchao. Obviously, the wet and dry climate play a decisive role. "Hanfeizi five Holcocerus" chapter that Shanju Tanigumi the residents of the New Year when presented with water; Ze Habitat grievances of the people guitar, and the commission agreed to buy Du. This can be regarded as the environment on human mentality and customs of decisive influence. Lu Rong-ming, "Shu garden journal," said: "Jiangnan County Jervois were saying, but Suzhou and counties Fujia, flowers and trees have booths Museum of wins, this is no Hangzhou, Hangzhou customs of the more thrifty servant in the Soviet Union also. Huzhou were never kind of peony, to spend time emergency sericulture, relatives and friends do not exchanges, and this is no time. "This text, the day also provided a good example of customs control. If, however, that placed high on a certain culture developed, it wrong. China is the hometown of rice farming, but only the origin of rice agriculture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, rather than the original rice rich in resources more Lingnan region.为什么» Experts point out that because of the Lingnan indica rice is not lack of Four Seasons, where the original inhabitants of improved rice varieties not necessary. But in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River region, the growth of indica rice is a season, people must be the winter food reserves, increase production in the request, Rice Cade to improve. This shows that the natural conditions are superior to "reaping without sowing," the state is not conducive to the creation of culture. Of course, the natural conditions are too poor to create a culture of disadvantage. Western historians have raised natural "challenge" is the cause of human civilization, it seems that it is not unreasonable. China's ancient civilization in the first national middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River rise, it is not difficult to understand why. Local culture to create a second factor is the geographical conditions of a special or unique. On the special geographical conditions, can give worship of the ancient gods of the Yan-rich region as an example. Why the rise there as a faith » Because of their marine environment. Some people think that the so-called immortals said, the East China Sea and may occasionally appear on a mirage. On the blessed, Ming and Qing Dynasties 1:00 heyday as an example the reasons for the rise of Shanxi. Shanxi Merchants in the Ming Dynasty are many reasons for the rise, but Shanxi, north of Mongolia, south Zhongzhou, even the right of Shaanxi, Hebei left the neighborhood traffic, and rich in salt resources, we can not but said that two exceptional conditions. And so on, Yangzhou and the surrounding area, Shengjiyishi business culture, are also blessed the whole category. However, a region blessed any, are necessary external conditions, so this form of regional culture, often due to the loss of external conditions and fading. The third factor is the specific area of people have a clear awareness of the region and other regions of the crowd with a competitive relationship. In such circumstances the region's most historic and cultural depth, breadth and height. A typical example is the Spring and Autumn period诸侯country's colorful culture. Enfeoffment of the Western Zhou Dynasty in many countries, at the beginning may not be able to completely take care of each country in resisting the relative independence, but as the Spring and Autumn each other mergers, the seven countries of their respective areas, with certain conditions based on mountains and rivers. Qin occupy "Yugong" in Yongzhou; Chu to ancient Jingzhou developed for the base, since the rise in the ancient Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu Yue Yangzhou country, the end result of geographical reasons for the annexation by Chu; Yan-guo According to the North Yanshan, Xikao Taihang, self-reliance side; Yellow River Habitat Korea, Iraq, Luo, the so-called three rivers of the land; ZHAO Guang-Shanxi Province have Jizhong, Jizhong Ping principle is the center of it; Wei early in the centre of the Jinnan Su Fen Shui intersection of water Strip, due to the latter part of the Qin and forced Zheng moved to the vicinity of the Spring and Autumn Period; Qi always Xiongju Qingzhou. And the Qi State living side by side, stimulate the sense of competition, everyone in almost every country in accordance with their respective Dilirenhuo conditions for political and economic culture was strong in goal for the building campaign in full swing. Li Kui in the early Wei, Wei's arable land for the conditions "to make the grip of" the vulgar and miscellaneous Rongdi Woyeqianli the Qin was vigorously opened up the land, the development of small farmers, in order to achieve a "flooding farmland to the war "The objective of the Qi State veteran while their wealth, the broad strokes of Scholars the world, become a cultural centre in the north and nomadic populations Zhao forefront of the war, the use of their war experience, the military restructuring, the so-called "Hufujishe." This era is not only one side of water and soil raise the issue, but to the Progressive party to the survival experience one of the great achievements of the stage. No changes in a successful, is not a valid use of the local conditions and local people's life experience. That era of development is the Shenguang, most regional characteristics.